Metafictional aspects of the novel Little Women (1868) and its film adaptation Little Women (2019)
metaficcion; adaptation; Louisa May Alcott; Little Women; Greta Gerwig
The objective of this research was to observe how metafictional aspects existing in the novel Little Women [1868]/(2019), written by the American author Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888), were adapted for the film Little Women (2019), directed and scripted by Greta Gerwig (1983-). Concerning the theoretical contribution, we first discussed the concepts of metafiction, studied by Baldick (2001) and Bernardo (2010b), and analyzed how these definitions may be applied in the literature from the studies of Hutcheon (1980) and Waugh (2001). In the field of cinema, we analyzed how metafiction was observed through the works of Baláz (1983) and Xavier (2003). From the perspective of the Adaptation Studies, with Hutcheon (2011) and Stam (2005; 2006), we observed how the self-reflective and self-referential resource of metafiction is seen in the novel Little Women (2019) and with what intention those same elements were adapted in the movie Little Women (2019). This research also investigated the coming-of-age novel (Bildungsroman) based on the studies by Lukács (1994) and Noomé (2004), and what impact it had on Alcott’s literary work from the perspective of feminist critics such as Showalter (2020). With a film adaptation that highlights the feminist and progressive discourse existing in the literary work, we used the concept of femininity by Toril Moi (1989) and its relation with feminism, as well as the ideas related to women and literature by Woolf (2019). The corpus of analysis and interpretation of the research consists of selected excerpts from the novel and the film, pointing out where metafictionality is found in each of them, and why it was possibly used. We understand that the adaptation of Nineteenth-Century novels to films, as Gerwig’s Little Women, highlights the need to elaborate, adapt, and (re)interpret the narratives that bring current issues from contemporary society to be debated, such as misogyny, female oppression and sexism. It is, therefore, a study that seeks to highlight the relevance of Alcott’s work through Gerwig’s adaptation, joining, from metafiction, writer/character/director, as if they were all at the same time, place, and space.